A Exposição de Adolescentes ao Facebook: Uma Revisão Sistemática / The Exposition of Adolescents to Facebook: A Systematic Review / La Exposición de Adolescentes al Facebook: Una Revisión Sistemática

Com a adesão crescente às redes sociais virtuais, a comunicação presencial tem cedido lugar para a comunicação virtual e seu principal local é o Facebook, a rede social mais popular do mundo. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a exposição de adolescentes ao Facebooke as implicações dessa exposição para a formação do Self. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia (PePSIC), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Psicologia Brasil (BVS Psi), seguida por duas análises: a primeira, sobre os dados bibliométricos dos 13 artigos selecionados e a segunda, referente a análise feita pelo software iramuteq do corpus textual composto pelos resultados encontrados nos artigos desta revisão. Os resultados foram apresentados em 3 dimensões: 1) formação do Self entre usuários adolescentes no Facebook; 2) exposição ao Facebook e 3) adolescentes no campo do ciberespaço. A conclusão sugere que as possíveis implicações da exposição do adolescente aoFacebook são processos circulados por variáveis de impacto no Self, a partir de elementos como: economia do investimento interpessoal, tempo prolongado no ciberespaço, novas possibilidades de interação e excesso de informações.

As a result of the increase of social networks, face-to-face communication has lost ground in cyberspace, with Facebook being the most popular social network in the world. This article aimed to analyze the exposure of adolescents to Facebook and the implications of the exposure for the formation of the Self. A search was conducted in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia (PePSIC), and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Psicologia Brasil (BVS Psi), databases, followed by two analyses: the first on the bibliometric data of the 13 selected articles and the second on the analysis by the Iramuteq software of the text corpus formed by the results of the articles of this review. The results were presented in 3 dimensions: 1) Self formation among adolescent Facebook users; 2) Exposure to Facebook and 3) adolescents in the cyberspace field. The conclusion suggests that the possible implications of adolescent exposure to Facebook are processes circulated by variables that impact the Self, such as economy of interpersonal investment, prolonged time in cyberspace, new possibilities of interaction and excess of information.

Con la creciente adhesión a las redes sociales virtuales, la comunicación cara a cara ha dado paso a la comunicación virtual, y su ubicación principal es Facebook, la red social más popular del mundo. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la exposición de los adolescentes al Facebook y las implicaciones de dicha exposición para la formación del Self. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Revistas Electrónicas en Psicología (PePSIC), Biblioteca Virtual en Salud en Psicología Brasil (BVS Psi), seguida de dos análisis: el primero, sobre datos bibliométricos de 13 artículos seleccionados y el segundo se refiere al análisis realizado por el software Iramuteq del corpus textual compuesto por los resultados encontrados en los artículos de esta revisión. Los resultados se presentaron en 3 dimensiones: 1) formación del Self entre los usuarios adolescentes en Facebook; 2) exposición a Facebook y 3) adolescentes en el ámbito del ciberespacio. La conclusión sugiere que las posibles implicaciones de la exposición adolescente en Facebook son procesos que circulan por variables que impactan al Self con base en elementos como: economía de inversión interpersonal, tiempo prolongado en el ciberespacio, nuevas posibilidades de interacción, exceso de información.

Virtual Selfobject Presence: Future Orientation in the Treatment of Eating Disorders.

From a self-psychology perspective, the profound disruption of the will to exist physically and psychically in patients suffering from anorexia can be seen as a primary impairment of the selfobject's capacity to make space for them within itself. Kohut viewed the primary phase of the baby's existence in the mother's mind as its "virtual conception." On this foundation, the author uses the notion of "virtual selfobject" to understand the impaired will to exist in patients with anorexia and describes how the therapist may embrace a standpoint that creates a space-for-being for the patient, facilitating the reactivation of self needs in the transference. The notion of virtuality thus entails a future perspective, which ostensibly foretells or creates the potential future emergence of the patient's self. This conceptualization and its application are illustrated through a life-restoring therapy with a patient hospitalized with a life-threatening eating disorder.

A relação entre arte e vida em vigotski: uma análise conceitual / The relationship between art and life in vygotsky: a conceptual analysis / La relación entre arte y vida en vigotski: un análisis conceptual

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre arte e vida segundo Vigotski. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise conceitual dos capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 e 11 da Psicologia da Arte, do capítulo 13 da Psicologia Pedagógica e do texto O significado histórico da crise da Psicologia: Uma investigação metodológica. A pesquisa conceitual consiste na análise semântica dos principais conceitos de uma teoria com o intuito de elucidar seus sentidos ocultos ou confusos e desvendar possíveis contradições e ambiguidades no quadro teórico. Podemos observar que a arte é um fenômeno dialético tanto em sua criação como em seus efeitos. A influência da vida, isto é, da realidade sócio-histórica, na criação artística é indireta, pois ela é sempre mediada pelo psiquismo particular do artista. Já o efeito da arte sobre a vida possibilita que o ser humano se conscientize de sua realidade social e se engaje para mudá-la. A arte é, portanto, transformadora, pois reorganiza o psiquismo e possibilita uma mudança nas condições materiais dos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between art and life according to Vygotsky. Therefore, a conceptual analysis of chapters 1, 7, 9, 10, and 11 of Psychology of Art, chapter 13 of Educational Psychology and the text The Historical meaning of the Crisis of Psychology: A Methodological Investigation was carried out. Conceptual research consists of the semantic analysis of the main concepts of a theory to elucidate its hidden or confused meanings and to reveal possible contradictions and ambiguities in the theoretical framework. Results show that art is a dialectical phenomenon both in its creation and its effects. The influence of life, that is, of socio-historical reality, on artistic creation is indirect since it is always mediated by the artist's particular psyche. The effect of art on life, on the other hand, allows human beings to become aware of their social reality and engage to change it. Art is, therefore, transformative, as it reorganizes the psyche and enables a change in the material conditions of human beings.(AU)

Este proyecto tuve como objetivo analizar la relación entre el arte y la vida, según Vigotski. Para esto, fue realizado un análisis de los capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 y 11 de Psicología del arte, del capítulo 13 de Psicología Pedagógica y del texto Él significado histórico de la crisis de la Psicología: una investigación metodológica. La pesquisa conceptual consiste en la analice semántica de los conceptos de una teoría, para aclarar sus significados ocultos o confusos y desvendar contradicciones y ambigüedades em el cuadro teórico. Pudimos observar que, el arte es un fenómeno dialéctico en su creación tanto como en sus efectos. La influencia de la vida, esto es, de la realidad socio-histórica, en la creación artística es indirecta, pues es mediada por el psiquismo particular de lo artista. Así, el efecto del arte sobre la vida habilita que lo ser humano adquiera conciencia de su realidad social y que se comprometa a cambiarla. El arte, consiguientemente, transformadora, pues reorganiza lo psiquismo y habilita un cambio en las condiciones materiales de los seres humanos.(AU)

I overthink-Therefore I am not: An active inference account of altered sense of self and agency in depersonalisation disorder.

This paper considers the phenomenology of depersonalisation disorder, in relation to predictive processing and its associated pathophysiology. To do this, we first establish a few mechanistic tenets of predictive processing that are necessary to talk about phenomenal transparency, mental action, and self as subject. We briefly review the important role of 'predicting precision' and how this affords mental action and the loss of phenomenal transparency. We then turn to sensory attenuation and the phenomenal consequences of (pathophysiological) failures to attenuate or modulate sensory precision. We then consider this failure in the context of depersonalisation disorder. The key idea here is that depersonalisation disorder reflects the remarkable capacity to explain perceptual engagement with the world via the hypothesis that "I am an embodied perceiver, but I am not in control of my perception". We suggest that individuals with depersonalisation may believe that 'another agent' is controlling their thoughts, perceptions or actions, while maintaining full insight that the 'other agent' is 'me' (the self). Finally, we rehearse the predictions of this formal analysis, with a special focus on the psychophysical and physiological abnormalities that may underwrite the phenomenology of depersonalisation.

Atención plena (mindfulness): por qué es posible que funcione y por qué es seguro que triunfe / [Mindfulness: Why It Might Work and Why It's Sure to Succeed]

La atención plena (mindfulness) ha desbordado el ámbito clínico y comienza a aplicarse con entusiasmo en la escuela, el deporte o la empresa. La sospecha de que estamos ante una intervención que, aunque probablemente eficaz, tenga un tamaño de efecto pequeño, lo que obliga a realizar investigaciones con gran rigor. Así, solo conociendo los procesos psicológicos implicados en la atención plena podremos tener una visión más realista de su utilidad ante los diferentes problemas. Ante esto, ¿cómo explicar el extraordinario éxito que está obteniendo en Occidente la atención plena, tanto a nivel académico como mundano? Se presentan tres principios conductuales que se practican durante el entrenamiento en atención plena y se denuncia su uso ideológico, que aparece enmarcado, no en la mística existencial ni en el conductismo contextual, sino en la psicología positiva y su agenda neoliberal.

Mindfulness has gone beyond clinical applications and is beginning to be enthusiastically applied in schools, sport, and business settings. It seems to be a type of intervention that, while probably effective, has a small effect size, which calls for rigorous research. Understanding the psychological processes involved in mindfulness is essential in order to achieve a more realistic picture of its usefulness for some behavioral disorders. How can we explain the extraordinary success of mindfulness in western societies, both in academia and in popular culture? We present three behavioral principles and ideological reasons for applying mindfulness. Nowadays, mindfulness is framed not by mystical existentialism or contextual behaviorism, but by positive psychology and its neoliberal agenda.

Spiritual Transformation of Han: Four Levels of Transference in Self Psychology.

The purpose of this article is to research han (an oppressed feeling in Korea) through spiritual approaches including self psychology. Han is an oppressive feeling in Korean society. This han, caused by splitting, can be a place for the beginning of healing. One can invest one's instinctual energy in the right place in the feeble self, according to one's deepest needs there, in that spot of fragility. Many Koreans have been suffering from a deceptive self-image and do not feel deserving of love or care because of the vicious han-ridden circle. If Koreans can attain healthy self-object experiences, they will no longer feel fragility in themselves.

Self Psychology: The Ethics of Oneness.

A person's life and work, as recounted in a full-scale biography, is always a vibrant opportunity to touch the riddle's core, reflecting the sublime human yearning to see beyond the veil separating "I" from "other." This is especially true in respect to Heinz Kohut, the founding father of self psychology. Strozier's (2001) monumental biography is used for a philosophical and historical scrutiny of Kohut's quest for the Grand Unity embodied in the monistic principle of holistic totality. This vision of laying the foundations of a supra-personal dimension in which the personal and the interpersonal amalgamate into an entangled universe is advocated as the spiritual core of Kohut's oeuvre. The vertical split between One Person Psychology and Two Person Psychology is, thus, healed by Kohut's revolutionary role in creating, explicitly and implicitly, a new kind of ethics in psychoanalysis: the ethics of Oneness.

The evolutionary dynamics of expectations: Interactions among codes in inter-human communications.

Double contingency-each of us (Ego) expects others (Alter) to entertain expectations as we entertain them ourselves-can be considered as the micro-operation of an above-individual (i.e., social) logic of expectations. Meaning is provided to events from the perspective of hindsight, but with reference to horizons of meaning. Whereas "natural selection" is based on genotypes that are observable (like DNA), cultural selection mechanisms are not hard-wired, but evolve. The "genotypes" of cultural evolution are codes in the communication which can operate as selections upon one another. Local instantiations shape trajectories; regimes operate as selection pressure with reference to the next-order horizons of meaning. These orders of expectations can operate incursively and hyper-incursively against the arrow of time and thus generate redundancies: (i) horizons of meaning can be expected to overlap and (ii) distinctions generate new options enlarging the maximum capacities. Information theory and the theory of anticipatory systems can be used for the elaboration of operations against the arrow of time. New options can be a synergetic effect of interactions among codes in the communication and serve as sources of wealth in a knowledge-based economy.

Sticking together? Re-binding previous other-associated stimuli interferes with self-verification but not partner-verification.

The self-prioritisation and we-prioritisation effects can be observed through faster responses to self-stimuli (self and group) than non-self-stimuli. It remains uncertain if we-prioritisation extends to individual members of one's own group. In light of recent work that implicates memory-based processes in identity-prioritisation effects, the present experiment was developed to determine whether a task-partner's identity relevant information also benefits from an enhanced representation, despite conflicting evidence of partner-prioritisation. To this end, pairs of participants were recruited to perform a joint task. Each partner was assigned a shape and a stranger was also assigned a shape. Participants then completed a shape-to-label matching task where one participant responded if a shape and a label pair matched and the other responded if the shape and a label pair did not match. Halfway through the task the associated identities were switched such that the same shapes and labels were reassigned. Overall, a standard self-prioritisation effect was observed with match-responders making faster responses to self- over partner- and stranger-stimuli. After identities were remapped a decrement in performance was observed for self-trials relative to baseline self-responses. Conversely, responses were faster to partner- and stranger-stimuli relative to baseline performance for each stimulus type. Thus, no evidence was observed for an enhanced representation for task-partner-associated identities. However, an interaction between old and new memory traces for self- and other-associated identities does seem to interfere with self-retrieval and self-verification processes.

Ambition for Self and for Specialty: Emery A. Rovenstine and the Politics of Organized Anesthesia, 1937-1947.

The letters between Emery Andrew Rovenstine, MD (1895-1960), and Arthur Ernest Guedel, MD (1883-1956), are a window into the personalities and politics of the creation of American anesthesiology. The ambition of these men, both personal and professional, lay at the heart of their sacrifices and successes. Their correspondence unmasked common struggles and foibles, humanizing these giants of our field. Notably throughout the letters, Rovenstine, as the junior partner, wrestled with Guedel's advice to temper personal ambition for the collective good. Over time, their relationship matured, and the junior eclipsed the senior. Still, at various points in his career, Rovenstine was censured for self-promotion by leaders in anesthesiology and the general medical community. These moments brought to light issues of continued relevance today: inner tension between individual and group ambition, and professional friction between academic and political priorities in anesthesiology. In the end, it was an unapologetic blend of ambition for self and ambition for the specialty that allowed Emery Rovenstine to make his unique imprint on American anesthesiology.

Self-estimation of phenylketonuria patients on therapeutic diet. Psychological support.

Objectives Self-esteem is the degree to which the qualities and characteristics contained in one's self-concept are perceived to be positive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the self-esteem scores in phenylketonuria (PKU) patients on "strict", "loos" and "off diet". Sixty PKU patients were divided in three equal groups. Methods Group a: "on strict", group b: "on loos" and group c: "off diet". A special questionnaire for self-esteem scores was created for these patients. Results Before psychological support, group a patients demonstrated 6/20 (30%) very high self-esteem, 9/20 (45%) high and 5/25 (25%) moderate. After support 14/20 (70%) were turned to very high, 5/20 (25%) represented high except one whose degrees remained an altered. group b 4/20 (20%) were very high, 7/20 (35%) were high, 3/20 (15%) moderate and the rest of them showed low self-esteem degrees, after support, 10/20 (50%) showed very high, 5/20 (25%) became high, 3/20 (15%) turned to moderate and 2/20 (10%) remained unaltered. Group c, 1/20 (5%) were very high self-esteemed, 7/20 (35%) were high, 6/20 (30%) were moderate and 6/20 (30%) with low self-esteemed, at the end of support, 6/20 (30%) become very high, 8/20 (40%) with high, 4/20 (20.0%), moderate self-esteem whereas the rest were unaltered. Conclusions Very high and high self-esteem degrees were demonstrated in patients who follow their PKU diet. Moderate and low self-esteem degrees were predominantly found in patients on loos and or off diet. Psychological supports commonly result in amelioration of self-esteem degrees.

La extrañeza del afecto identitario en la clínica obsesiva / L’étrangeté de l’affect identitaire dans la clinique obsessionnelle / The strangeness of identity affect in the clinical study of obsession

El articulo plantea una comprensión de la clínica obsesiva desde las dificultades que se observan en el plano de la configuración identitaria por la desasistencia de un representante afecto insuficientemente evolucionado en el plano simbólico. El trabajo de subjetividad del yo va a ser, por lo tanto, un importante foco de intervención previo al abordaje de la conflictiva objetal. (AU)

The article offers an understanding of clinical approaches to obsession from the viewpoint of the difficulties observed at the level of identity configuration as a result of the helplessness of an affect-representative that is insufficiently evolved at the symbolic level. The ego’s work of subjectivity is therefore an important focus of intervention prior to an object-conflict approach. (AU)

L’article propose une compréhension de la clinique obsessionnelle basée sur les difficultés observées au niveau de la configuration de l’identité, en raison de l’absence d’un représentant de l’affect insuffisamment évolué au niveau symbolique. Le travail sur la subjectivité du moi sera donc un point d’intervention important avant l’approche à l’objet conflictuel. (AU)

Carmen, en busca del «objeto fuera de alcance» / Carmen, à la recherche de «l’objet hors de portée» / Carmen, in search of “the object beyond reach”

La autora nos habla de aquellos pacientes que acuden a consulta con miedo al derrumbe psíquico. A través de diferentes autores (Freud, Winnicott, Bion, Ferenczi, Botella y Green), trata de dar respuesta a los interrogantes metapsicológicos y clínicos que nos plantean en la clínica. Presenta un caso en el que podemos observar la angustia desintegradora primitiva de una mujer y cómo en el análisis se pone en marcha un equivalente del proceso de recordar de todo lo irrepresentable en ella, de aquello que ha sido vivenciado, pero no representado, evidenciándose una rêverie materna narcisista que ha dejado a la paciente en un estado de desamparo que se reactiva ante diferentes situaciones y que se va modificando a través del proceso psicoanalítico. (AU)

The author talks about those patients who come to her office fearing psychic collapse. By means of different authors (Freud, Winnicott, Bion, Ferenczi, Botella and Green) she attempts to answer the metapsychological and clinical questions that these patients raise for us in treatment. She presents a case in which we may observe one woman’s primitive disintegrative anxiety and how in analysis a process is set in motion comparable to that of remembering everything that is unrepresentable in her, a process of remembering that which has been experienced but not represented, revealing a narcissistic maternal rêverie that has left the patient in a state of helplessness which is reactivated in different situations and is gradually modified during the process of analysis. (AU)

L’auteur nous parle de ces patients qui viennent consulter par crainte d’un effondrement psychique. Grâce à différents auteurs (Freud, Winnicott, Bion, Ferenczi, Botella et Green). Elle tente de donner des réponses aux questions métapsychologiques et cliniques qui nous sont posées à la clinique. Elle présente un cas dans lequel on peut observer l’angoisse désintégrative primitive d’une femme et comment dans l’analyse se met en marche un équivalent du processus de mémorisation de tout ce qui est non représentable en elle, de ce qui a été vécu mais non représenté, mettant en évidence une rêverie maternelle narcissique qui a laissé la patiente dans un état d’impuissance qui se réactive devant différentes situations et qui est modifié par le processus psychanalytique. (AU)

Spanish validation of the Adolescent Self-Consciousness Questionnaire

Self-consciousness development takes place mainly in adolescence because the brain undergoes certain structural changes that facilitate abstract thinking and metacognition, thus favoring the development of identity. Despite the importance of self-consciousness for mental health, there are no specific measurement instruments for Spanish adolescents. The objective of this study was to explore the dimensions of self-consciousness among Spanish adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years and validate the Chinese Adolescent Self-Consciousness Questionnaire (ASC) in this population. A second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted in accordance with previous validations of the ASC, using R Studio and the Lavaan package, to test its adequacy in a Spanish sample. Internal consistency and temporal stability were also tested, and evidence of validity was found. The results showed a good fit to the model eliminating four items with poor fit indices, CFI = .90, TLI = .89, RMSEA = .078, 95% CI [.076, .080]. Higher self-consciousness was associated with greater self-esteem and lower depressive symptomatology. No significant gender differences were found. This study provides a valid measure to evaluate self-consciousness in Spanish adolescents. The relationship established between self-consciousness and anxiety and depression requires further study as self-consciousness is involved in the development and maintenance of adolescent psychopathology

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Do acolhimento da queixa à compreensão da demanda na terapia centrada no cliente / From the complaint reception to the demand understanding in client-centered therapy

Este artigo objetiva fazer uma reflexão teórica sobre o acolhimento da queixa e a compreensão da demanda no processo clínico da terapia centrada no cliente, de Carl Rogers. Inicialmente, apresenta uma distinção entre queixa e demanda e argumenta que o acolhimento da queixa e sua conversão em demanda faz parte do manejo clínico. Posteriormente, apresenta algumas noções rogerianas para entender como se estruturam os fenômenos da queixa e da demanda. Em seguida, descreve os aspectos relacionados ao acolhimento da queixa e sua conversão em demanda, segundo o desenvolvimento do processo terapêutico, via consideração positiva incondicional e compreensão empática. Conclui que a terapia centrada no cliente possui implicações conceituais que possibilitam um olhar clínico sobre tais fenômenos em relação aos seus aspectos constituintes, distintivos e conversivos. Sugere, finalmente, outras reflexões e estudos empíricos.(AU)

This article aims to make a theoretical reflection on the complaint reception and the demand understanding in the clinical process of the client-centered therapy, by Carl Rogers. Initially, presents a distinction between complaint and demand and argues that the complaint reception and its conversion into demand are part of the clinical management. Subsequently, presents some rogerian notions to understand how the complaint and demand phenomena are structured. It then describes the aspects related to the complaint reception and its conversion into demand, according to the therapeutic process development, through unconditional positive consideration and empathic understanding. Concludes that the client-centered therapy has conceptual implications that enable a clinical view of these phenomena in relation to their constituent, distinctive and conversion aspects. Finally, suggests other reflections and empirical studies.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo hacer una reflexión teórica sobre la recepción de la queja y la comprensión de la demanda en el proceso clínico de la terapia centrada en el cliente, de Carl Rogers. Inicialmente, presenta una distinción entre queja y demanda y argumenta que la recepción de la queja y su conversión en demanda son parte del manejo clínico. Posteriormente, presenta algunos conceptos de Rogers para entender cómo se estructuran los fenómenos de la queja y de la demanda. En seguida, describe los aspectos relacionados con la recepción de la queja y su conversión para demanda, según el desarrollo del proceso terapéutico, mediante la consideración positiva incondicional y la comprensión empática. Concluye que la terapia centrada en el cliente tiene implicaciones conceptuales que posibilitan una mirada clínica sobre tales fenómenos en relación a sus aspectos constituyentes, distintivos y de conversión. Sugiere, finalmente, otras reflexiones y estudios empíricos.(AU)

Com que roupa eu vou? ­ Um caso de patologia da identidade em psicoterapia de orientação analítica / What clothes should I wear? ­ A identity pathology case in psychotherapy analytical oriented

O entendimento e tratamento das patologias da identidade representam grande desafio aos profissionais de saúde mental devido à complexidade e intensidade de sua apresentação. No presente estudo relatamos um caso típico de patologia da identidade, revisando teorias sobre formação do self, caráter, identidade, além da descrição de conceitos importantes para o entendimento e consequente discussão do mesmo.(AU)

The understanding and treatment of identity pathologies present a great challenge to mental health professionals due to the complexity and intensity of their presentation. In the present study we report a typical case of identity pathology, reviewing theories about self formation, character, identity, as well as the description of important concepts for understanding and consequent discussion of the case.(AU)

El entendimiento y tratamiento de las patologías de la identidad representan un gran desafío a los profesionales de salud mental debido a la complejidad e intensidad de su presentación. En el presente estudio relatamos un caso típico de patología de la identidad, revisando teorías sobre formación del self, carácter, identidad, además de la descripción de conceptos importantes para el entendimiento y consecuente discusión del mismo.(AU)

Termination in Self Psychology: Heinz Kohut's Contribution.

Psychoanalysis has long grappled with understanding and defining termination. Freud came to some pessimistic conclusions about it toward the end of his life. Later, especially in the United States, the field developed some rigid ideas about endings in psychoanalysis. Heinz Kohut, through his wide-ranging ideas about what he came to call self psychology, brought a sense of openness, fluidity, and nonlinearity to our understanding of termination. His ideas lie scattered throughout his writings, as he never developed a coherent theory of endings in treatment. This paper brings together those thoughts and argues that Kohut prefigures more recent writings about termination, especially by self and relational psychoanalysts. It places Kohut's thoughts on termination in the context of his view of the self as tilting toward cohesion and wholeness, gently nudging the listing ship upright. Termination marks the often vague and indeterminate, yet real, point of mutual recognition of that wholeness.